Math 143 C/E, Spring 2001
IPS Reading Questions
Chapter 2, Section 7



  1. Focus on the diagrams of Figure 2.41 (p. 208). Be able to describe in a sentence or two the three explanations for an observed association between variables that they represent.

  2. One thing that can be said about Statistics is that it is firmly entrenched in the fabric of society. For example, a prescription drug like Bendectin (see Example 2.38, p. 211) is not allowed on the market today without a good deal of statistical evidence that show it treats effectively the medical condition it claims to treat while not posing a substantial risk to the health of patients. The ``no substantial risk" part is somewhat more difficult to establish (after all, one cannot consider every possible response variable and conduct an experiment for each one), and when a risk is suspected, once again good statistical studies are required to establish the validity and extent of the risk. What is the role of the statistics-aware Christian in all of this?

    Of course, I can only suggest some answers here, not give the definitive one. That is left to each individual Christian (you!). The Christian scientist who conducts the experiments (both in the drug-approval stage and in the establishment-of-a-risk stage) needs to conduct her study in a manner as free from bias as possible, choose her subjects in an established valid manner and from the population appropriately considered for the question (e.g., if we want to establish the safety of a drug for pregnant women and their children then our subjects should not be adult males), and be completely open in reporting the findings of the study along with how the study was conducted, even if those findings are different than what was hoped at the outset. The Christian businessman must be guided by more than the financial bottom line or pride. If a study shows his product to be unsafe, he should consider the impartiality of the source (perhaps getting expert advice from impartial statisticians on the validity of the study) and his actions should reflect God's love for humanity. Advice for the private citizen is in high demand, but it is not so easy to give. Suffice it to say that from those of us who have more knowledge of the statistical process more is required. We must act out of a sense of justice, but remembering our fallen state and our need for God's grace.

  3. Be able to identify and expound upon the criteria for establishing causation in the absence of an experiment. There are 5 such criteria listed on pp. 211-212 in conjunction with Example 2.39 concerning smoking and lung cancer.