Umm el-Jimal

RESTORATION AT UMM EL-JIMAL

Bert de Vries

Siti e Monumenti della Giordiania. Ed. Luigi Marino. Florence: Alinea Editrice. Pg. 45-52.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

RESTORATION AT UMM EL-JIMAL 

The Umm el-Jimal Project (see bibliography) has concentrated on mapping, architectural study and excavation in a series of seasons from 1972 to 1993. Major historical results have been the discoveries that the visible ruins of the town are Early Byzantine and Umayyad rather than Nabatæan in origin (de Vries 1979, 1981), that a Late Roman castellum dominated the site in the fourth century (de Vries 1989, 1990, 1993) and that a Nabatæan-Roman village was located two hundred meters east of the Byzantine site from the first to the third centuries (de Vries 1986, 1989, 1990, 1993). Socially, it became clear that Umm el-Jimal played a typical role in the intensified ruralization of the East Roman hinterland that accompanied the gradual dissolution of urban fibers in Late Antiquity (de Vries 1985, 1988, 1993).

I. The Present Situation

As the project draws to a close, increasing attention needs to be paid to site preservation. The problem at Umm el-Jimal is not so much the preservation of remains exposed by excavation. Excavation strategy has been the use of small soundings in and around buildings in order to achieve a representative range of stratigraphic and artifactual samples. These soundings have not disturbed the standing architecture, and where they appear to be a threat they may be easily backfilled.

The problem, rather, is the instability of the stone structures that have remained standing one to three stories above the destruction debris and soils that have accumulated since the abandonment of the site in the Early Islamic era (de Vries 1985; Marino 1991). While the site escaped human disturbance from the ninth to the nineteenth centuries, the process of destabilization has been natural, the results of earthquakes and exposure to the elements. Earthquakes have caused the collapse of roofs and upper stories. Falling blocks often sheared off the protruding cantilevered components of corbel and stairway assemblies.

Because the stone used is exclusively basalt, exposure to the elements has had little degenerative effect on the masonry itself. Unlike limestone, sandstone and granite (materials used in the Amman, Petra and Aqaba regions respectively), basalt is nearly totally impervious to the interplay of sun and moisture, heat and cold. This, combined with good construction techniques, explains the surprising state of preservation of those walls that did not succumb to earthquakes.

However, a millennium of abandonment has meant a gradual process of decay of a different sort, related to the method of construction. Umm el-Jimal's structures typically consist of classic two-face masonry, in which only the outer face of a block was dressed. Because the inner faces were left rough an irregular open space was created in the core of the wall, which was solidified with a mixture of soil and small stone chips. Because even the exterior faces were usually not totally squared, the rubble was contained by pointing the joints with plaster/mortar or the entire face of the wall was plastered over. The stability of these simple walls was further enhanced because the rows of ceiling corbels (and stairway treads) served as headers across the two wall faces. Thus it was possible to erect stable structures up to four stories high.

Note that this method continued the classic east Mediterranean tradition of setting masonry dry, without the use of mortar or aggregate concrete that was increasingly replacing this technique at the time (for example, in Late Roman and Early Byzantine fortifications). At the same time, the builders at Umm el-Jimal abandoned the classic technique of precision dressing and stacking with nearly air-tight joints. In section, an Umm el-Jimal wall looks more medieval than classical.

It was this plaster pointing and facing that gradually succumbed to weathering and fell from the facades of walls. As a result, the soil filling has gradually eroded out of the wall cores, so that these cores are now not much more than hollow air spaces. This has so destabilized walls that in various places one can actually see bulges created by the buckling of one face as it is now able to move independently from the other. When such bulges become too large to withstand the weight of higher courses, they explode outward with the resultant collapse of the wall segment above them. The challenge, therefore, is to find an efficient way to resolidify such walls, in order to stop this ongoing deterioration, without disturbing their ancient appearance.

Another tactical problem associated with natural decay is the preservation of surviving doorways, windows and arches. These openings, because they are interruptions in the structure of the walls, are usually constructed of finely dressed stones, so that their neat stacking can carry the additional weight deflected onto them by lintels or voussoirs. Consequently, when a wall collapses, these features often survive and can be seen projecting above the levels of collapsed walls, often quite precariously balanced. The problem is especially acute for arches, which may survive (as for example, those of the double window of House XVIII), but become highly unstable because the bearing weight that keeps the voussoirs locked into place is gone. A parallel case is Umm Rasas, where numerous arches may be seen protruding "naked" above the collapse debris of the surrounding walls.

Over the past 21 years the author has been able to observe the ongoing process of collapse resulting from the natural processes described above, and he can testify that the skyline of Umm el-Jimal has altered significantly due to this ongoing collapse of various architectural members. A more long-term measure of that collapse is comparison of photographs taken by H. C. Butler in 1905 (Butler 1913) with the condition of the same structures today. For example, the Numerianos Church appeared nearly completely intact in 1905, but is nearly totally collapsed today.

Since the late nineteenth century the process of degeneration has included human disturbance. From the time of the Princeton Survey in 1905 until about 1935 a tribe of Druze moved in as part of the process of settlement that saw the Druze community expand south from the Jebel Druze into the vacant agricultural lands of the Hauran. In many places, like Umm el-Quttein, they quarried the ancient ruins for the construction of new villages. In that manner dozens of towns like Umm el-Jimal were spoiled so severely, that few buildings remain recognizable above ground level. At Umm el-Jimal, however, the group chose to move into the relatively well preserved buildings and restore them to habitable condition.

To achieve this, the Druze copied Roman construction methods. They reused collapsed corbel stones and beams to reset flat roofs, took advantage of still standing arches, and constructed new arches in rooms where it was impossible to close the spans between exterior walls which were too wide for the relatively short beams remaining in the debris. Some of the arches were abandoned in mid-construction when these new inhabitants moved away. At first glance, the Druze work appears indistinguishable from the ancient, so that the impression of the amazing preservation of the Byzantine site is enhanced. On closer inspection, however, the Druze work is easily differentiated from the more ancient on the basis of the relatively less professional results achieved with the reused but only minimally redressed masonry (de Vries 1993).

Drawing of Byzantine Arch in House 35
Byzantine arch with remains of Druze corbeling in House 35 (Drawing by Tania Hobbs).

One could argue that this Druze remodeling is an unwelcome disturbance of the more ancient architecture. I would argue, however, that this restoration is an integralpart of the archaeological history of the site, which has served to protect and stabilize a number of buildings, though not according to the professional standards applied to "restauro" today. I would recommend only that tour guides make the distinction between ancient and early modern features clear, so that casual visitors not be fooled into believing that the numerous Druze ceilings are of Byzantine or Umayyad vintage.

In the aftermath of World War I Umm el-Jimal was temporarily occupied by French and British forces. The French presence is visible inside the Barracks where they created a pathway out of spoiled masonry, and constructed platforms for two tents. Other tent bases are located in the open area and house courtyards west of the Barracks.

After World War II, the tribal members of the present village population moved into the buildings vacated by the Druze. Even after the villagers began settling in new houses constructed east and west of the ancient town, they continued to use functional rooms in the ruins for animal pens and storage barns until the Department of Antiquities acquired the site in the late sixties and fenced off the Byzantine site as defined by the perimeter wall. As a result, the village community has respected the area inside the fence, and human disturbance there has been minimized to occasional theft of funerary inscriptions, which are easily available to anyone with a truck because the sight has been unguarded.

However, by defining what is government property by a fence, the community also adopted the assumption that all antiquities outside the fence are not protected. The result has been a high rate of the destruction of the cemeteries which included dozens of mausoleum type Nabatæan, Roman and Byzantine tombs, which are located around Umm el-Jimal within one to two kilometers of the town limits (Butler 1913: map no. 1). A number of these have been destroyed by bulldozers in the current redevelopment of fields for irrigated agriculture. Others are being systematically robbed to provide building blocks for modern houses. The ancient agricultural terraces and water systems have also suffered greatly.

The current status of preservation at Umm el-Jimal is, therefore, a mixture of positives and negatives. Inside the antiquities fence, the site is relatively free of human interference, but the natural process of collapse continues, and the challenge of arresting that in over 150 large buildings is overwhelming. Outside the fence, however, destruction over the past twenty years has increased drastically, and the ruins of the Late Antique town will soon become isolated from their ancient environment.

Drawing of Druze Arch in House 35
Druze arch in House 35 (Drawing by R. Sherrod and I. Hart).

A particular problem is that the rapidly growing modern village has developed on both the east and the west of the ancient town. While more than one generation of youngsters has grown up with the ancient town as its playground, the antiquities have not been well integrated into the culture of the community. And as long as the flow of archaeologists and tourists remains small, and no facility is available where they can spend their money, the antiquities play no role in the economic life of the village. The current relationship of the ancient town to the modern village reminds me of that between an autobahn that runs through a European village. The constant flow of visitors from the outside is like so many Fiats whizzing by on a road that separates one half of the village from the other. The reaction of many villagers will be frustration and indifference until convenient "on and off ramps" are built to enable the integration of the ancient town into the life of the modern village.

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II. Proposed Preservation and Restoration

To stop the natural destabilization process for all buildings in the Late Antique Town is economically impossible and physically unfeasible, given the huge number of similar challenges the Government of Jordan faces throughout the country. I recommend, therefore, that five structures be chosen as representative samples of the ancient community. These could be consolidated and cleared, and thus become the key stops on an informative tour. This would not only leave the rest of the buildings to their fate of ongoing natural decay, it would also leave them less disturbed, because tourists would concentrate their visit on the five consolidated buildings. Hence, a small portion of Umm el-Jimal would become touristically viable, while most of it would remain as a kind of museum of a community in its natural state of ruination. The five buildings I recommend are:

The Barracks. This structure, with its great tower, is visually the most impressive as visitors approach the site. In 1977 I spent three months working with the Department of Antiquities' personnel, equipment and materials to consolidate the exterior walls of the main building, the tower, and the attached chapel. The method was the pumping of chemically aerated cement into the wall core while the exterior joints were temporarily sealed with a mixture of mud and straw. The result is that the wall's interiors have been consolidated artificially, that is, in a way that does not reproduce the ancient method and in an irreversible manner. The exterior, however, appears as it was before consolidation. The interior partition walls were left undisturbed, and some additional collapse has taken place there, especially in the Druze reconstructed room on the north side of the tower.

House XVIII. This house is famous because it has a spectacular eastern facade with the simple arched double window at the upper level, visible from most locations (de Vries 1979:54; Marino 1991:14). In January of 1993 I spent three weeks with Department of Antiquities personnel to clear the gateway into the complex and consolidate the gate walls in the same manner as those of the Barracks. This process made the interesting interior courtyard visitable. The minimal future work is to stabilize the double window and the wall below, and clear the building blocks which were recently removed from the room with the posterior stone door and dumped into the house's beautiful cistern.

House 49. This house is a typical fifth to seventh century domestic complex with well preserved stables on the lower level. It is unusual because it incorporated the triple- gated structure H. C. Butler called a "Nabatæan Temple," though its construction date proved to be in the fourth century. In the summer of 1992 the Department of Antiquities did sufficient clearing and cleaning to make this complex visitable without further work.

The Prætorium. This is architecturally the most sophisticated building at Umm el-Jimal, with its cruciform room, atrium and basilica type hall. In addition to the clearing done by the Department, the building will require major consolidation to prevent the collapse of the part of the basilica still preserved to roof level, and enough architectural components are preserved in the collapse debris to contemplate some restoration of the atrium and basilica. In the summer of 1992 the author's team numbered masonry of those portions that are near collapse, and prepared elevation drawings and photographs for future restoration work. See appendix A for proposed restoration and preservation of the Prætorium.

The Double Church. The north half of this complex is a basilica size church with some walls preserved to ceiling height and some column drums from the partitions between nave and side aisle are preserved in the collapse debris where they tumbled from their basis. With minimum clearance, consolidation and restoration this building would provide a fine example of a "neighborhood church" in a rural setting, and give an excellent contrast to the more monumental urban churches of cities like Bostra and Jerash.
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Drawing of Praetorium
Sketch view of Praetorium with atrium columns temporarily erected by Dept. of Antiquities. Note unstable condition of masonry in far corner (Drawing by Tania Hobbs).

Solutions to the problem of human interference are more complex and abstract. To arrest the local residents' vandalizing of the antiquities outside the fence and also to have them cooperate in the prevention of theft of movable objects, it is necessary to inject appreciation for antiquities and historical understanding of the heritage they represent into the school curriculum. At Umm el-Jimal there is an ideal opportunity, because the village schools are located in the shadow of the Late Antique buildings. The antiquities of Umm el-Jimal lend themselves particularly well for helping pupils develop contact with the archaeological past:

1. The Late Antique buildings proved a bridge between pre-Islamic and Islamic history because they were continuously occupied in both eras.

2. Late Antique Umm el-Jimal was a rural agricultural town with social and economic structures very similar to that of the modern village.

3. Unlike that of Jerash and Bostra, the domestic architecture of Umm el-Jimal represents a foundation in house design and construction techniques that has a continuous history from the sixth into the twentieth centuries. In that sense, Umm el-Jimal is Arab and local and belongs culturally to the modern residents.

By conveying these points of contact into the lessons from the first grade up, and putting the pupils in touch with the black stones around them, they will grow up as defenders of the antiquities and proponents of their preservation. The potential is really there: One young teenager knows where every Greek funerary inscription is, and has taught himself to read their Greek texts from photocopies of the archaeological publications!

Plan of House 119
Plan of House 119 (Drawing by Edwin Orogo).

With the construction of the new Amman-Damascus highway Umm el-Jimal has become much more accessible to visitors. It is now an easy seventy minute drive from Amman, and can be readily included in a tour of north Jordanian sites. The result will be an increased flow of tourists and archaeologists whose access to the site will need greater supervision in order to protect the site from greater damage. In addition it has become essential to collect and store movable artifacts like the funerary inscriptions in order to prevent their theft. And, finally, a way should be found to have the local residents gain economic benefits from providing refreshment and other services to these visitors. My solution to these needs is the construction of a museum-resthouse in whose operation the residents will play a key role. I have recommended, therefore, that a Late Antique house at the modern entrance to the antiquities be excavated, cleared and restored sufficiently to provide the "shell" within which a modern service facility for scholars and tourists be constructed in a reversible manner. The excavation phase of this project is taking place in the 1993 season of the Umm el-Jimal Project. Further details of the concept proposal are given in appendix B.

With this "package" of preservation procedures it is hoped that the ruins of Umm el-Jimal will become a vital focus for the life of the modern village and a point of interaction between scholars, tourists and those villagers.

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III. APPENDICES

Appendix A: Consolidation and Restoration of the Praetorium

The main steps of the work include: site preparation, architectural preparation, preparation of staff, equipment and materials, beginning of restoration work, and recommendations.
1. SITE PREPARATION

Dump soil must be cleared from the Praetorium courtyard. The Department of Antiquities' team must sort masonry which was removed from the Praetorium rooms 1, 2, 3. Stones should be laid out according to the rooms from which they were removed.
2. ARCHITECTURAL PREPARATION

Architectural fragments should be drawn and identified as to function and location within the structure. Drawings of the in situ masonry have been prepared with all stones in unstable walls numbered. The next step is preparation of reconstruction drawings, with the identified fragments restored on paper. Further, there is the study and sorting of collapse debris in Room A: each layer of stones is to be drawn, photographed and numbered in situ, as this data will be the basis for an analysis determining what portions of the buildings may actually be restored.
3. PREPARATION OF STAFF, EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS

Allocation of personnel and materials is as follows:

o Staff: one architect, two professional masons, fifteen laborers, one crane operator, and one forklift operator.

o Equipment: a crane, a forklift or scaffolding and winches, more scaffolding, injection equipment, and a cement mixer.

o Materials: cement, lime, sand, coloring, and aeration chemicals.
4. BEGINNING OF RESTORATION WORK

Dismantling of numbered masonry will be accomplished with the crane. Each stone will be laid in the courtyard according to its position in the wall. (An alternative is injection, if no reconstruction is done on top of consolidation masonry.)

Dismantled walls will be reconstructed using appropriate mortar, as needed, for the filling of the cores of the walls. Plans and photographs are to be used for the precise reproduction of the originals.

All other walls are to be consolidated in situ, possibly by pressure pumping aerated cement into the cores of the walls wherever possible. Collapse holes are to be filled with matching stones and light weight mortar to ensure reversibility.

A cautionary note: The restoration phase should not be begun until the consolidation phase of the Praetorium is sufficiently complete.
5. RECOMMENDATIONS

Restore the south façade to the degree that restoration is certain and that stones are available. Restore column bases and columns in atrium as fragments are available. One molded beam from wall to column may be restored if capital is retrieved from a courtyard in the modern village. Room A should be restored according to reconstruction drawings and available fragments.
6. SCHEDULE

The Umm el-Jimal Project completed drawings of existing walls, July 10 1992. Restoration will begin during the next excavation season: June-July 1993. The work will be continued in the 1994 season of the Umm el-Jimal Project.
7. DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES

The Agency responsible for the Restoration Project outlined above is the Department of Antiquities. It will be considered primarily responsible for both finances and the implementation of restoration principles according to Jordan's Antiquities Law and international standards. Bert de Vries recognizes his responsibilities as a long term excavator of the site to include advice and assistance on restoration and museum development. In the past he contributed four months of time in the fall of 1977 to supervise the consolidation of the walls of the Barracks, and one month in January 1983 for the clearing and restoration of the gate in House XVIII. He accordingly holds himself available as a consultant to the project to the degree that other duties permit. It is understood that de Vries' primary responsibilities are archaeological research and the publication of the results. Consultation on the restoration will be a component of the larger Umm el-Jimal Project performed as a specific contractual service to the Department of Antiquities, done in addition to this archaeological research.
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Appendix B: Proposal for the Adoption of House 119 as a Museum-Resthouse at Umm el-Jimal

1. Concept

House 119, located at the visitors' entrance to Umm el-Jimal has a number of restorable rooms and courtyard that could easily serve the public with museum, cold drinks and bathroom facilities.

2. Background

Umm el-Jimal has long been considered a spectacular site that is too isolated to be on the regular tourism circuit. This is no longer true. Umm el-Jimal's antiquities are now at the center of a thriving and populous agricultural region. With the construction of new four lane highways that bypass Zerqa and Mafrag, it is now possible to drive to Umm el-Jimal from Amman in less than one hour and ten minutes. It can therefore be included in a tour of north Jordanian sites from a base in Amman or Irbid.

3. Feasibility and Rationale

Umm el-Jimal has become accessible. It is also the center of a significant and distinct cultural region, the black lava lands of the Hauran. Just as other parts of the country have touristic focal points (Azraq, Umm Qeis, Madaba, etc.) so Umm el-Jimal can serve as the focal center of the northeast.The construction activities will provide income and training to thirty employees ranging from architects to builders. This would add a significant new set of work skills in an area where employment is almost totally limited to agriculture and army.

Plan of House 49
Plan of House 49 (Drawing by Jason Yeats).

The availability of tourist services would significantly increase the flow of tourists and their money. Since thepublication of the Kutba Guide Booklet on Umm el-Jimal, the site has become well known, and people are eager to visit. Planned tours by the Friends of Archaeology have consistently drawn from 70 to 130 participants. However, tour companies have refused to take busloads to the site because there are no restrooms or drinks available. The presence of these services would increase the flow of buses from a maximum of one per week to a minimum of one per day. (The nearest touristic bathrooms are in Irbid, Jerash, Azraq or Amman.)

Development of the antiquities site will fit in with a general interest in the region. Through the offices of HRH Crown Prince Hassan, the Umm el-Jimal Archaeological Project is developing a cooperative relationship with the Badia Development Project, in which the economy and culture of the region east of Umm el-Jimal will be analyzed. The ancient agricultural and water systems of Umm el-Jimal will serve as a model for understanding the rest of the Badia area.

In addition to its buildings, Umm el-Jimal is rich in Nabatæan, Greek and Latin inscriptions. Without major attention to the site or proper storage facilities, these have been fair game for plunder. The construction of an indoor-outdoor museum would provide both appropriate storage and added attraction to draw visitors.

There is evidence that Umm el-Jimal's young people have a growing interest in the ancient town. Cultivation of such interest is difficult because over the decades there has been no relationship between the growth of community pride and economy and the presence of these basalt ruins. This has resulted in a certain amount of frustration which led to disrespect for the antiquities and the pillaging of major monuments inside the antiquities fence. This development project will show the community that the rest of the world cares about and sees value in the ruins. Thus the antiquities will be integrated into the life of the community. This is especially important at Umm el-Jimal for the living community now surrounds the antiquities. A museum-resthouse would help convert those ruins from a dead to a vital center of the modern village.

4. Summary of Budget Statement

On comparison with construction costs of resthouses at Pella and Umm Qeis the estimated cost is $130,000. This is somewhat higher than the cost of each of the others, because the adaptation of an ancient building is involved. This would require excavation and restoration of the necessary rooms to ceiling height.

5. Schedule

Excavation of House 119 will begin in the summer of 1993. Actual implementation of the construction will commence in 1994 as funds become available.
6. Design

The 1992 Project Staff drew a detailed set of plans and elevations, and made a complete photographic record of the standing architecture of House 119. The design concept was generated in a site consultation visit by architects Ammar Khammash, Amjad al-Bataineh and Bert de Vries.

The plan:

a. Rooms 1-6 on the plan are to be restored to ceiling height in order to house bathrooms, restaurant, indoor museum and museum storage.

b. The entry and perimeter are to be restored to a height sufficient to make the courtyard secure so that the courtyard can be used as an outdoor museum to display heavy objects. The north and east enclosure wall is to be restored to knee height only. This is to be topped with a compatibly attractive fence to secure the courtyard but allow views of the townscape at the same time.

c. The rooms. The ancient restored walls will provide a shell within which bearing walls and roofs are constructed independent of the antiquities. The walls will be of 15 cm. cement blocks finished with off-white painted plaster on the inside to provide contrast to the textured blackness on the outside. In the restaurant the basalt mangers will provide the link with the exterior; they will remain as an interior "artifact," but function as service counters.

The roofs will be concrete slabs resting on the cement block walls. Their top surface will be shallow basins filled with soil to create an artificial match with the still surviving soil covered Druze roofs in the rest of Umm el-Jimal.

Light will be provided through doorways and windows set in cinderblock wall at the east end of room 2. In order to let light in, the cement block wall will be set 50 cm. inside the basalt wall. Additional natural light will be provided by glass "canisters" set into the concrete roof at a height protruding above the soil.

d. Services

Electricity is to be brought in by underground cable. Water tanks for bathrooms and kitchen are to be installed with their tops below roof height, and hidden from view. The septic system can be dug in the courtyard immediately north of room 1.
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7. Responsibility

Assignment of responsibilities will be the same as in Appendix A.7. Advice on design and construction concepts will be given by a committee appointed by the Minister of Tourism and Antiquities.
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Bibliography

Butler, H.C.

1913 Architecture. Syria. Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expedition To Syria (PPUAES) Div. II, Sect. A, part 3. Umm idj-Djimal. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

de Vries, Bert

1979 Research at Umm el-Jimal, Jordan, 1972-1977. Biblical Archaeologist, Winter: 49-55.

1981 The Umm el-Jimal Project 1972-77. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 244: 53-72.

1982 The Umm el-Jimal Project 1972-77. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan XXVI: 97-116.

1985 Urbanization in the Basalt Region of North Jordan in Late Antiquity: The Case of Umm el-Jimal. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan II. Ed. Adnan Hadidi. Amman: Dept. of Antiquities of Jordan: 249-56.

1986 Umm el-Jimal in the First Three Centuries A.D. Pp. 227-41 in The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East. Eds. Philip Freeman and David Kennedy. Oxford: BAR International Series 297.

1988 Jordan's Churches: Their Urban Context in Late Antiquity. Biblical Archaeologist, December: 222-6.

1989 Umm el-Jimal. Pp. 590-7 in Archaeology of Jordan II 2. Field Reports. Sites L-Z. Eds. D. Homes-Fredericq and J.B. Hennessy. Leuven: Peters.

1990 Umm el-Jimal: "Gem of the Black Desert". Amman: Al-Kutba Publishers.

1993 The Umm el-Jimal Project, 1981-1992. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan XXXVII. Kenneth Wayne Russell Memorial Volume. Amman. 1993. Pg. 433-460.

Marino, L.

1991 Insediamenti nel nord della Giordania. Osservazioni sulle strutture "all stone" a Umm el-Jemal. Pp.13-18 in Materiali da construcione e technice edili antiche, ed. Luigi Marino. Firenze: Alinea Editrice.
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Umm el-Jimal Wall Drawing Umm el-Jimal Wall Drawing